對(duì)于規(guī)則動(dòng)詞而言，如果它的結(jié)尾是輔音字母加上單詞y的，那么該動(dòng)詞的.過(guò)去式就是將y變?yōu)閕再加-ed。比如：study（學(xué)習(xí)）的過(guò)去式就是studied。

對(duì)于規(guī)則動(dòng)詞而言，如果它是以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的，而且改動(dòng)詞的結(jié)尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，且該輔音字母不是w、y、x，那么該動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式就要雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母加-ed。比如：ship（運(yùn)輸）的過(guò)去式就是shipped。

對(duì)于不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞而言，有的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和動(dòng)詞原形是相同的。比如：beat（擊打）的過(guò)去式就是beat。

對(duì)于不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞而言，有的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞會(huì)把其動(dòng)詞原形中的一個(gè)元音改變從而構(gòu)成改動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。比如：begin（開(kāi)始）的過(guò)去式就是began，awake（醒來(lái)）的過(guò)去式就是awoke。

由于的英文：owing to; thanks to; as a result of; due to; in virtue of

一、thanks to

英 [θ??ks tu:]? ?美 [θ??ks tu]

幸虧， 多虧， 由于

Thanks to the angle at which he stood, he could just see the sunset

由于站的位置視角好，他剛好能看見(jiàn)日落。

二、owing to

英 [??ui? tu:]? ?美 [?o?? tu]

由于，因?yàn)?多虧

The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain.

比賽因大雨取消了。

三、due to

英 [dju: tu:]? ?美 [du tu]

由于;因?yàn)?欠下債[賬]，應(yīng)給予;應(yīng)歸于

Unfortunately, due to unforeseen circumstances, this year's show has been cancelled

遺憾的是，由于一些意外情況，今年的演出被取消了。

四、as a result of

英 [?z ei ri?z?lt ?v]? ?美 [?z e r??z?lt ?v]

因;由于…的結(jié)果;起因;經(jīng)

Mass?flow?occurs?as?a?result?of?external?forces.

質(zhì)體流動(dòng)的發(fā)生是由于外力的結(jié)果。

五、in virtue of

英 [in ?v?:tju: ?v]? ?美 [?n ?v?t?u ?v]

憑借…的力量，由于

He was highly praised in virtue of his brave deeds.

他由于見(jiàn)義勇為而受到了大力表?yè)P(yáng)。

“由于……”的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)法英語(yǔ)中，用于表示“由于……”意義的方法比較多，除原因狀語(yǔ)從句外，還有介詞短語(yǔ)、成語(yǔ)介詞、不定式短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等?，F(xiàn)分述如下，供大家參考。I．介詞短語(yǔ)--介詞十名詞或代詞 1. with：表原因時(shí)，多指心理、生理或順乎自然規(guī)律的原因。(1) He jumped with joy. 他高興得跳起來(lái)。(2) shiver with cold 冷得發(fā)抖(3) be down with fever 發(fā)熱病倒 2．through：表原因時(shí)，常指消極原因，或抱怨的口氣，有時(shí)也可指正面原因。(4) mistakes made through carelessness由于粗心大意而造成的錯(cuò)誤(5) That was all done through friendship．那樣做完全是出于友愛(ài)。 3．from：表示原因、動(dòng)機(jī)。(6) lots of people suffered from hunger in thosedays．在那些日子里，許多人都挨過(guò)餓。(7) He felt very weak from lack of sleep.由于缺少睡眠，他感覺(jué)很虛弱。 4．out of (接近from)：出于，由于(8) They have done that out of concern for thechildren. 他們這樣做是出于對(duì)孩子們的關(guān)懷。 5．for：由于，因?yàn)?9) If it weren't for the leadership of the Communist Party，our happy life today would be simplyimpossible. 沒(méi)有共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，就不可能有我們今天的幸福生活。(10) The West Lake is noted for its scenery. 西湖以風(fēng)景優(yōu)美而著名。 6．a(chǎn)t：可以跟在動(dòng)詞、形容詞或過(guò)去分詞之后表原因 。(11) We rejoiced at every victory you won.我們?yōu)槟闳〉玫拿恳粋€(gè)成就感到歡欣鼓舞。(12) She felt glad at what he had said．她為他所說(shuō)的話而感到高興。(13) He was delighted at the idea of going toEngland．他一想到要去英國(guó)就感到高興。 II. 成語(yǔ)介詞 1．because of：因?yàn)?、由于，常用作狀語(yǔ)。(14) The football match was cancelled because of rain.由于下雨，足球賽取消了。 2．on account of 比because of更正式，多用于書面語(yǔ)中。(15) We have to give up our plan on account of your objection.由于你的反對(duì)，我們不得不放棄計(jì)劃。(16) That was on account of the lack of exercises. 那是由于缺乏鍛煉所致。 3. by（或in）virtue of，由于，因?yàn)椋ǘ嘤糜跁嬲Z(yǔ)）。(17)He passed the examination by virtue of hard work. 由于努力工作，他通過(guò)了考試。 4．due to：在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)中，due to構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)常用來(lái)作表語(yǔ)，而現(xiàn)在，due to短語(yǔ)也可以用作狀語(yǔ)。(18) His failure was due to carelessness. 他的失敗是由于粗心大意。(19) The flight was cancelled due to the fog.班機(jī)因霧停航。 5．owing to：構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，既能指積極的原因，也可指消極的原因。(20) Owing to our joint efforts，the task was ful-filled ahead of schedule. 由于我們的共同努力，任務(wù)提前完成了。（狀語(yǔ)，表積極原因） 6．thanks to：由于，多虧，常用于書面語(yǔ)，多表示正面情況，間或也表示反面情況。(21) thanks to your hlep，we finished the task intime. 由于你的幫助，我們及時(shí)完成了任務(wù)。(22) Thanks to the bad weather，our journey wasvery uncomfortable. 由于天氣不好，我們的旅行很不舒服。 7．a(chǎn)s a result of：由于……結(jié)果(23) As a result of this interview，the number wasreduced to two. 這次面試的結(jié)果，人數(shù)減至兩名。 8．in（或as） consequence of：由于--的緣故，用于書面語(yǔ)。(24) In consequence of his ill health，he lost the opportunity. 由于身體欠佳，他失去了這次機(jī)會(huì)。 9．in view of：書面語(yǔ)，由于，鑒于(25) in view of these facts，it seemed useless to continue. 由這些事實(shí)看來(lái)，繼續(xù)下去似乎是無(wú)效的。 10．what with...and(what with)... 半因...，半因...；一方面由于..，一方面由于...，表示兩方面原因。(26) What with over work and what with hunger, John fell ill．一半由于工作過(guò)度，一半由于饑餓，約翰病倒了。 III. 不定式短語(yǔ) 不定式短語(yǔ)可以用在作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后面作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。(27)We are proud to be youg people of New China. 作為新中國(guó)的肯年：我們感到自豪。(28) We were surprised to find him there. 看到他在那里, 我們感到很驚奇。 IV 分詞短語(yǔ) 分詞短語(yǔ)可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)。1. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)(29) Not knowing her address, we could not gettouch with her. 由于不知道她的地址，我們無(wú)法和她聯(lián)系。(30) Many of us, being so excited, could not goto sleep that night. 我們很多人是那樣激動(dòng)，那天晚上都沒(méi)有睡著。 2. 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可以用作狀語(yǔ)表原因(31) He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. 由于旅途勞累，他很快就睡著了(32) Moved by their speech，we were momentarilyat a loss what to say. 他們的活使我們很感動(dòng)。一時(shí)不知道說(shuō)什么好… V. 形容詞短語(yǔ)表原因 (33) Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road. 由于害怕困難，他們就揀容易的路走。(34) Unable to find words to express themselves,they silently grasped our hands.因一時(shí)找不出表達(dá)的言辭，他們默默地緊握著我們的手。 VI. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu):由名詞（或代同）+分同（或形容詞、個(gè)定式、介同短語(yǔ)、副詞等）構(gòu)成?？梢杂脕?lái)作原因狀語(yǔ)。 (35) John being away，Henry had to do thework. 由于約翰不在．只好由亨利來(lái)做這個(gè)工作。(36) When she was fifty she retired, her healthhaving been impaired by years of over work. 她五十歲時(shí)退休廠。（因?yàn)椋┒嗄陝诶郯阉纳眢w搞垮了。 2.介詞with有時(shí)跟一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作用與獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)差個(gè)多，也可用于表原因。(37)He felt more uneasy with the whole classstaring at him. 全班都盯著他瞧，他更感到不自在了。(38) With the weather so close and stuffy, ten toone it'll rain presently. 大氣這樣悶，十之八九要下雨。

because of

1 practise doing 練習(xí)做某事2 enjoy doing 喜歡做某事3 finish doing 完成,結(jié)束做某事4 mind doing 介意做某事5 avoid doing 避免做某事6 keepdoing sth.一直做某事keep sbdoing 使某人一直做某事keep sb. from doing sth=stop/ prevent sb.（from）doing sth. 阻止某人做某事7 can’t help doing 忍不住做某事8 miss doing 想念/ 錯(cuò)過(guò)做某事9 have fun doing 做某事感到快樂(lè),有趣10 protect sb. from doing sth.保護(hù)某人免受…… (2) 介詞+Ving介詞后碰到動(dòng)詞一概加ing .(at,in,for, of,to, about, by/after/before ,from against)1 be good at /do well in擅長(zhǎng)于做某事2 be busy (in) doing 忙于做某事3 find great pleasure in4 be interested in5 spend+時(shí)間/錢(in) doing sth. 花…做某事6 be helpful in/for7 lose oneself in8 have problem/difficulty/trouble(in) doing 做某事感到有困難9 be sorry for10 use sth for/ be usedfor doing11 thank you for謝謝做某事a ticket for doing …的罰單It’s +time+for sb. for (doing) sth.該是某人做某事的時(shí)候了12 think of /aboutdoing 考慮做某事13 instead of doing14 be afraid of害怕做某事(比較be afraid to do sth.害怕去做某事)15 be fond of/ be proud of16 be/get used to doing17 pay attention to注意做某事18 say no to/19 prefer doing to doing/look forward to (盼望做某事)20 what/ how aboutdoing 做某事怎么樣？21 keep away from遠(yuǎn)離做某事22 prevent /stop sb (from) doing 阻止做某事23 warn sb against doing24 give up doing 放棄做某事25 feel like doing 想要做某事=want to do/ would like to do sth.26 there be +sb/sthdoing +地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間某地/某時(shí)間有某人/某事正在做某事27 by doing 通過(guò)做某事28 when/after/before doing在做某事時(shí)/后/前29 伴隨狀語(yǔ)e.g. He is lying on the grass,looking at the sky.30 動(dòng)詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)用doing sth. e.g. Getting up early is good for your health.31 go doing 去做某事 do some doing32 consider doing 考慮做某事33 drop up doing 放棄做某事34 carry on doing 堅(jiān)持不懈做某事35 excuse doing 借口做某事36 complete doing 完成做某事37 suggest doing 建議做某事38 imagine doing想象做某事39 can’t stand doing40 be worth doing 值得去做某事只加to的情況:1 V +疑問(wèn)詞+ to do ( V這類動(dòng)詞主要有: find out \ know \ wonder\ tell \ ask \ show \ see \ say \understand（充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)）I don’t know what to do./how to do it. (賓語(yǔ))2（1）It’s + adj. +for sb. to do sth.做某事對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)真是……h(huán)thy（2）It’s + adj.（clever/ stupid/kind/nice）+of sb. to do sth.某人做某事真是……3 (1) It’s+time+（for sb）. to do sth.該是某人做某事的時(shí)候了=It’s +time+for sb. for (doing)sth.該是某人做某事的時(shí)候了(2) It’s the best time/a good season/place to do/fordoing sth.是做某事的最好時(shí)間/季節(jié)/地點(diǎn)（3）sth is the best time to do sth …是做某事的最好時(shí)間4 It’s one’s duty to do5 It is one’s turn + to do6 it takes sb some time to do 花某人多少時(shí)間做某事 It costs sb. some money to do sth.花某人多少錢做某事7 be+ adj（glad/happy/pleased/sorry）+ + to do做某事很8 be/get ready to do9 beable to do sth.能夠做某事10 be + adj.+enough+ to do sth.足夠…….去做某事He is not old enough to go toschool.11 be the first /last to do12 be used + to do13 be afraid to do14 be sure to do14 do/try one’s best to do15 refuse + to do16 makeup one’s mind /decide + to do sth.決定做某事decide on sth.決定某事17 offer + to do18 afford + to do. afford to do付得起做某事，能夠做某事19 have + to do不得不做某事/ have…..to do20 use sth to do21 plan/ make a plan to do22 ask/tell sb + (not) to do23 would like/ want(sb) + to do24 manage to do設(shè)法做某事25 used + to do = would do26 take turns to do輪流做某事27 wish (sb) + to do/hope + to do28 get sb. to do sth.叫/讓某人做某事29 fail + to do30 advisesb + to do建議某人做某事31 encourage sb+ to do32 take the place of sb todo33 invite sb + to do34 agree(sb) + to do同意(某人)做某事35 happen + to do36 order sb to do37 teach sb + to do教某人做某事38 find/think it + adj (for sb ) + to do發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為做某事……39 can’t wait + to do40 cause + to do41 seem to do似乎……42 warn sb (not) to do43 lead sb to do44 too+adj +(for sb) to do太……以致不能……45 不定代詞n /+ to do46 agood way/time/season to do47 needto do sth 需要做某事（比較need do sth.）48use sth. to do sth.用某物做某事49 go/come to do sth.去/來(lái)做某事50can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事51to do充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，目的狀語(yǔ)等52learn to do sth.學(xué)習(xí)做某事53be about + to do54 trouble + to do55 deserve + to do56 allow/permit + to do57 be made + to do動(dòng)詞 + to 與 + Ving 的區(qū)別1 like / love to do 表示一次性,或具體的某一次活動(dòng)like / love doing 表示習(xí)慣性喜歡＝愛(ài)好2 hate to do (表示一次性討厭,具體的某一次討厭.)hate doing (表示習(xí)慣性討厭)3 remember to do (表示記得要做某事------事情未發(fā)生)remember doing (表示記得曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事------事情已發(fā)生)4 forget to do (表示忘記要做某事------事情未發(fā)生)forget doing (表示忘記曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事------事情已發(fā)生)5 go on/continue todo (繼續(xù)做不同的另一件事)go on/ continuedoing (繼續(xù)做相同的一件事)6 try to do (努力,盡力,試圖做某事)try doing (試一試,嘗試做某事------不注重結(jié)果)7 mean to do (打算做某事)mean doing (意味著做某事)8 stop to do (停下來(lái)去做另一件事)stop doing (停止做原來(lái)一直在做的事情)9 begin / start to do (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始)begin /start doing (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始以后要繼續(xù)下去)10 need to do (需要做某事-------強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng),主語(yǔ)一般是人)need doing (需要做某事-------強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng),主語(yǔ)一般是物)11感官動(dòng)詞see/hear/watch/notice sb + V(原形)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或過(guò)去或全過(guò)程. see/hear/watch/notice sb+ doing 表動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生12be used + to do be used + to doingused to do13 learn + to do/ doing14 prefer + to do/doing15 can’t help to/doing16 want to do (要做某事-------強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng),主語(yǔ)一般是人)want doing (要做某事--------強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng),主語(yǔ)一般是物)17 nice to do/ doing sth.很高興做某事/做過(guò)某事18(help sb. to do sth.

so......是 所以怎么了的意思跟由于差部多！

to be是從動(dòng)詞不定式to do過(guò)來(lái)的，就是把do換成be。 在英語(yǔ)中有2個(gè)常見(jiàn)才能作謂語(yǔ)，后面可以跟”賓語(yǔ)“，所以，do是行為動(dòng)詞的代表； 2、”主-系